Passage 1
Until the twentieth century cigarettes were not an important threat (威胁) to public health. Men used tobacco mainly in the form of cigars (雪茄烟), chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco(烟草), and snuff (鼻烟). Most women did not use tobacco at all.
The cigarette industry began in the 1870s with the development of the cigarette manufacturing machines. This made it possible to produce great numbers of cigarettes very quickly, and it reduced the price.
Today cigarettes smoking is a widespread habit. About forty-three percent of the adult men and thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettes regularly. It is encouraging to note, however, that millions of people have given up the smoking habit. Seventy-five percent of the male population and forty-six percent of the these men and eleven percent of the women have stopped smoking. The number of persons who have given up smoking is increasing.
Men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men and women the age group with the highest proportion (比例) of smokers is the age group 24-44.
Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a person’s smoking habits. City people smoke more than people living on farms. Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes than men with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand if a well-educated man with a high income smokes as all, he is likely to smoke more packs of cigarettes per day.
The situation is somewhat different for women. There are slightly more smokers among women with higher family incomes and higher education than among the lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated women tend to smoke more heavily.
Among teenagers (少年) the pictures is similar. There are fewer teenager smokers from upper-income, well-educated families and fewer from families living in farm areas. High school students who are preparing for college are less likely to smoke than those who do not plan to continue their education after high school. Children are most likely to start smoking, if one or both of their parents smoke.
1. Men use tobacco mainly in ________ forms in the past.
○A. one
○B. two
○C. three
○D. four
2. The cigarette industry began ________.
○A. one hundred years ago
○B. at the turn of the century
○C. in the eighteen seventies
○D. in the eighteen century
3. In the United States _______ smoke cigarettes.
○A. about forty-three percent of people
○B. about thirty-one percent of people
○C. only old people
○D. about forty-three percent of the grown – up men and thirty-one percent of the grown –up women
4. A man’s
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smoking habit is partly determined by ________.○A. his income
○B. his education
○C. his occupation
○D. all of the above
5. Children _________ to start smoking, if their parents smoke.
○A. are most likely
○B. are less likely
○C. hate
○D. do not want
Passage 2
Many of us believe that a person’s mind becomes less active as he grows older. But this is not true, according to Dr. Jarvik, professor of psychiatry (精神病学) at the University of California. She has studied the mental functioning of aging persons for several years. For example, one of her studies concerns 136 pairs of identical twins (孪生儿), who were first examined when they were already 60 years old. As Dr. Jarvik continued the study of the twins into their 70s and 80s, their minds did not generally decline as was expected.
However, there was some decline in their psycho-motor speed. This means that it took them longer to accomplish mental tasks than it used to. But when speed was not a factor, they lost very little intellectual ability over the years. In general, Dr. Jarvik’s studies have shown that there is no decline in knowledge or reasoning ability. This is true not only with those in their 30s and 40s, but with those in their 60s and 70s as well.
It is true older people themselves often complain that their memory is not as good as it once was. However, much of what we call “loss of memory” is not that at all. There was usually incomplete learning in the first place. For example, the older person perhaps had trouble hearing, or poor vision, or inattention, or was trying to learn the new thing at too fast a pace. In the cases where the older person’s mind really seems to become less active, it is not necessarily a sign of becoming less active due to old age. Often it is simply a sign of a depressed emotional (压抑的感情) state.
6. According to Dr. Jarvik’s studies, middle-aged and older persons would expect to __________.
○A. remember less
○B. reason better
○C. learn fewer new things
○D. lose no intellectual ability
7. Mental decay due to aging is _________.
○A. common
○B. much more common than most people believe
○D. true of those over sixty
8. A long-term study of 136 pairs of twins showed that _________.
○A. they lost a little ability to reason over the years
○B. they only factor which decline over the years was their speed with which to perform mental tasks
○C. their memory was not as good as it had once been
○D. their minds became a bit more active as they grew older
9. According to the passage, all the following are instances of “incomplete learning” except _________.
○A
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