阅读理解答题技巧及实例分析

语言教育2005-12-20 11:50:45未知

阅读理解试题主要用来测试学生的阅读速度、理解能力和记忆能力。有的采 用一个句子,有的采用一段文 章或整篇文章。内容广泛,题材各异。

以题目的难易程度分析,人们常常把它们分为表层理解和深层理解。所谓表 层理解就是对文中的客观事实 的感知和记忆,深层理解是根据文中的客观事实, 在认真思考后进行逻辑推理、总结或概括,得出结论,或从 上下文、字里行间 悟出文中没有直接表达出来的而可能存在的和必然的结果来。

以题材或体裁论,大致有下述几种:

(1)记叙文(故事、人物小传、新闻报导、史地知识介绍等)。

(2)说明文(科普文章、说明书等)。

(3)论说文(有关政治经济、社会各方面的论述)。

(4)应用文(书信、广告、通知等)。

做阅读理解时要注意以下几点:

1.要判断出所给文章的类别,根据各类文章的性质,在开始阅读后有意识地 着重去掌握和记住某些关键的 内容和词汇。这样既抓住了要害,又节省了时间, 避免了在若干细节及无关全局的问题上纠缠,初中阶段,碰 到的主要是记叙文。 如果是故事或传记,就应特别注意找出主要人物、事件发生的时间、地点、主要 情节以及 最后结局。故事传记主要是叙述主人公的主要特征,他与其他重要人 物之间的关系也应同时记住。新闻报导、 史地知识介绍,往往是一人一事地介 绍,比故事、传记要简单,但也离不开记叙文的基本特点,对于上述要求 它们 同样适用。而新闻报导特别强调时间性、准确性,因此要搞清时间、地点和数字。

2.解题时不要边看问题边从文中查找答案,因为用这种方法难以提高阅读理 解的效果,尤其是对于深层理 解的文章。应浏览全文,了解全文的概貌。看完 后,应记住文章的要点,重要的结论以及一些关键性的人名、 地点、定义和数 字(不同的人名、地点可用铅笔在试卷上分别打上不同的记号,以便查找)。

3.要注意找出主题句,利用主题句来查找有关信息。一般说来,论述性较强 的文章或说明文,每一段或相 关的几段里总有一句话是主题句。读了主题句后, 便能知道这一段大致的中心内容,因为主题句概括了全段的 主要内容,而该段 其余的句子则是用来阐述或说明主题句的。

4.一定要掌握好解题速度,有效地控制考试时间,先易后难是考试时答题的 一般方法。碰到难题时,千万 不要钻牛角尖,耽误太多时间。一时做不出的题, 要果断舍弃,以免影响解别的较有把握的题。待全部题解完 后,如有剩余时间 再回来做放弃的题。

5.对于一般不影响句子或全文理解的生词,可以放过去,不必务求理解。遇 到重要生词时,不要着急,也 不要轻易放弃,我们可以采取根据上下文来猜词 或根据构词法来猜词等方法来猜出这个词的大致意思。

6.有的学生要用"顺读法",就是先读短文后读题目,然后再读短文寻找正 确答案。有的学生采用"倒读 法",就是先读题目(四个选项不读)后读短文, 最后寻找答案。我比较赞成"倒读法",因为这种阅读方法 是带着问题阅读, 目的明确,容易集中,能及时抓住文中与解题关系密切的信息,从而节省了阅读 时间。“倒 读法"对表层理解的题目(提问时间、地点、原因等)效果最好,对 深层理解的题目,要从短文的整体内容出 发,进行概括和总结分析所提供选 项,作出准确的判断。

总之,解答这类题的中心步骤就是阅读,既要阅读短文,又要阅读题目。阅 读时要注意阅读技巧,提高阅 读效率。在做到以上几点的基础上,就可以对文 章后面所给的问题,分别用"一次判断"、"逐个分析"以及 "排除法"等方 式来进行判断解答了。

实例分析:

一、单句理解方面

We arrived too late to get good seats. A.When we arrived,the good seats were already taken. B.We were late,but we found some good seats. C.We got good seats some time after we arrived. D.We had to stand for the whole show.

分析与答案:所给句子的意思是“我们到达太晚了而没能坐上好位子”。而 这四个选项的句意分别是:A. 当我们到达时,好位子已被别人占了;B.我们去 晚了,但是我们找到一些好位子;C.我们到达后的一段时间才 坐上好位子;D. 整个演出时间我们不得不站着。由此可见,选项A更接近所给句子的意思,因而 选项A是正确答 案或最佳答案。

二、语篇理解方面

1.试用"倒读法"解下面各题:

(1 )The great ship, "Titanic "set off from Englandto______. A.Australia B.the USA C.Arabia D.Europe

(2)People then thought it was safe to be on the shipbecause__________. A.it had 16 compartments B.it had more lifeboats than other ships C.it could not sink even if 4 compartments wore broken D.both A and C

(3)The ship was hit_______. A.when it started to cross the sea B.when a very large iceberg was suddenly seen ahead C.soon after it turned quickly on time D.soon after it had crossed the sea

(4)About 1,500 people were dead because________. A.the ship was the largest and finest B.4 of those compartments were broken C.hundreds of people jumped out into the water D.there were not enough lifeboats

(5)Which is the best title(标题)for the passage (短文)? A.How Does the "Titanic"Go Down? B.How Was the Great Ship Sinking? C.The Sinking of the "Titanic" D.The Sinking of a Ship

分析与答案:利用倒读的方法,我们可以从(1)到(4)中迅速了解到the ship "Titanic"从英国航行到 某地去,为什么那么多人丧生等。在阅读短文时, 很快就能抓住有关信息,轻而易举地找出正确答案(分别是 B、D、C、D)。短文 如下:

The great ship, "Titanic" (泰坦尼克号), set off forAmerica in April 1912 on its first

trip.It was carrying morethan 2,000 people.

The "Titanic"was the largest and finest ship at that time.People thought it was safe to be on the ship because it had16 compartments(密 封舱)with it. Even if(即使是)4 of thosewere b roken,it would still be able to stay on the sea.

Four days later,when the "Titanic" was crossing the sea,the man on watch suddenly saw a v ery large iceberg ahead. Thegreat ship turned quickly on time,but before long there was asound from below.The captain went down to see what was thematter.To his surprise,he found the sh ip was sinking fastbecause 5 compartments had been broken! Hundreds of peoplejumped out i nto the water.As there were not enough lifeboats,about 1,500 lives were lost.

(5)是问短文的最好标题的,属于深层理解, 当你读了短文就会明白最好 的标题不是A(Titanic是如何 下去的),也不是B (这艘大船是如何正在下沉 的),也不是D(一只船的下沉),而是C ("Titanic"号沉 船事件)。

2.利用"顺读法",解下列各题:

James Watt(詹姆斯·瓦特)and the Kettle(水壶)

James Watt was an English boy.He liked to ask questionsand was always thinking hard.

One day he was sitting in the kitchen(厨房)with hisgrandmother.There he saw a kettle on the stove(炉子)。

Soon steam began to rise out of the kettle, and the lidwas shaking. "Grandma,what's in the kettle?"he asked.

"Water,my child.Nothing but water."

"But I know there is something else.It pushes the lid up."

"Oh,that's only steam."

"How does the steam get under the lid?"

"It comes from the hot water."

The boy said to himself."The steam must be very strong. Itcan push things.If there is more w ater,the steam will be muchstronger." Many years later James Watt tried hard and succeeded inmaking steam work for people. He gave the world its firststeam engine(发动机).

Ⅰ.Find the word from this story according to the phrases.

1)a thing for boiling water:k________

2)a thing in which fire burning for warming or cooking:s________

3)movable(可移动的)cover for opening:I_________

4)gain(收获)what one is trying to do:s_________

5)use force on something to make it move away:p_________

Ⅱ.According to the story,choose the correct answer:

1)James Watt was from_________. A.America B.Australia C.England D.Germany

2)There was________on the stove. A.a basin B.a kettle C.a jar D.a pan

3)Grandma told little Watt why the lid of the kettle wasup and down.It was because________ ___. A.the stream pushed it B.the boy moved it C.the lid moved itself D.someone came and did it

4)Many years later Watt invented________. A.the first sewing machine B.the first computer C.the first bike D.the first steam engine

5)James Watt was_________. A.a famous writer B.a famous driver C.a famous scientist D.a famous musician

分析与答案:题1也是做阅读理解的常见题, 先把所给的词组或短语意思 弄清,然后从短文中找单词就不 难了。1 )意为"烧开水的工具",这就是 kettle。2)意为"能在其中燃烧用以取暖或烧饭的东西",这就是 stove。3) 意为"能打开并可移动的东西",这就是lid。4)意为"通过努力去做而取得 的收获",这就是su cceed。5)意为"在某物上用力使其移动”,这就是push。

Ⅱ)

1)选C。短文中第一句话就告诉我们詹姆斯·瓦特是个英国人。

2)选B。答案A是盆,C是个罐子,D则是平底锅,根据短文只能选B。

3)选A。短文中的奶奶告诉瓦特蒸汽来自热水。壶盖的上下波动的力既不 是瓦特做的,也不是有人进来动 的,更不可能是壶盖自己产生的力动的。

4)选D。瓦特发明的是蒸汽机,所以我们要选择D答案。

5)选C。通过短文告诉我们瓦特是个著名的科学家。转贴于 中国论文下载中心 http://paper.studa.com

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